Promote cheaper generic drugs to patients – and help contain medical inflation
a major hospital group has begun promoting use of these medicines through its hospital pharmacies.
This emerged at a pioneering day-long medicine summit convened by the administration and managed healthcare giant in Sandton, Johannesburg, on 15 May this year and attended by representatives of the local and international pharmaceutical industry, private hospital executives and government drug regulation advisors. Setting the scene for the summit, Discovery Health CEO Jonny Broomberg challenged his predominantly drug-company audience to enter risk-sharing and ‘payment for value’ agreements, plus volume-based pricing, appealing to them to work with the National Department of Health (NDoH) to keep the cost of medicines affordable in the private sector.
‘We often hear from you that the Department of Health is not
supportive of this risk-sharing agreement – my theory is that
you guys are not sufficiently motivated to push this approach.
We need to work harder with the NDoH to tackle inefficiencies
and perversities throughout the medicine supply chain. It
doesn’t make sense that many products, especially some
generics, maintain such high prices and yet still have the
largest market share. This defies market logic,’ he said.
Relative to global benchmarks on drug pricing, South Africa
(SA)’s private sector pricing was high and rigid, and he
predicted that ‘the time of arbitrary high pricing because you
can’ was coming to an end.
Market ignoring competitively priced drugs – Broomberg
Broomberg said one problem was that the gap between leading generic products and leading ‘original’ brand-name products was far narrower than in most international environments, with many generics entering the SA market at a 20 - 30% price differential to the originator product, compared with up to 90% in developed countries, including the USA and countries in Europe. ‘The second problem is that our market is currently failing to take advantage of competitively priced generics. There are generics very competitively priced in most chronic categories, but somehow our members end up paying for much higher-priced equivalent generics because of perversities in the supply chain.’ The most expensive generics dominate the market, and money moving between the manufacturers and dispensers was leading to the expensive products being dispensed when better-priced alternatives are available, which Broomberg described as ‘unacceptable’. He said the current Market Inquiry into Private Healthcare under the auspices of the Competition Commission was likely to investigate this. ‘It’s a classic example of market failure ... This kind of approach is damaging the medical scheme environment, and none of us can afford to take the short-term view. We’ve got to think about what happens when people drop out of medical aids because they can’t afford medicines and other high-cost interventions.’
Broomberg said that the rapid growth in the consumption of
chronic medication (a windfall for the pharmaceutical
companies, although not their fault) needed price adjustments
and transparency to allow medical schemes to ‘ensure that we
can continue to support patients dealing with these diseases’.
He revealed that Discovery Health’s MedXpress offering of free
home and work delivery of drugs was being expanded to include
the delivery of specialised high-cost medicines direct to
doctors’ practices, with an initial focus on the oncology
sector. The company was also combining all its units dealing
with medicines into a single entity, enabling pharmaceutical
and other companies to interact with Discovery Health through
a highly efficient single point of contact.
Boom in chronic medicine use
Discovery Health’s Head of Risk Management Strategy, Ismail Rasool, highlighted the ‘enormous cost-containing potential’ if patients started to purchase the lowest-priced generic equivalents currently on the market, putting the saving for the medical schemes that Discovery Health administers at approximately R500 million. Extrapolating this to the other major medical schemes would generate savings of up to R1.5 billion per annum just by shifting current dispensing towards lower-cost rather than the highest-cost generics. This alone could reduce premiums by 1 - 2% per year. Putting figures to Broomberg’s assertion on the rapid growth of chronic medication consumption, he said that in 2003, 10% of Discovery Health Medical Scheme members had a chronic condition at an average age of 32. Last year (one decade later) this had increased to 20% at the same age. By the time members were 65, three out of five had a chronic condition, all underlying trends that he described as ‘very worrying’. In the year 2000, the scheme had 15/10 000 lives claiming more than half a million rands – by 2014, this number had gone up five-fold to 79/10 000, even after adjusting for inflation. ‘So without younger, healthier lives coming into the system, there’s immense pressure on schemes to ensure cost-effective medicines are prescribed and dispensed.
‘The scheme’s total medicine expenditure (including hospital
oncology) has gone up by 92% from R4 billion in 2008,’
Broomberg added. Among the diseases of lifestyle driving
chronic medicines consumption were hypertension, diabetes and
hyperlipidaemia. HIV was growing, but at nowhere near the
same rate, with Discovery Health Medical Scheme now funding 38
000 members for HIV-associated conditions. A particular
concern is the impact of expensive new drugs for conditions
such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
These, together with a sub-set of similar novelty drugs, are
predicted to increase in cost to R2.3 billion by 2020, from
almost nothing in 2008. ‘We need to look at risk sharing and
alternative reimbursement models to allow medical schemes to
manage this cost explosion in a sustainable way.’
SA’s drug spend disproportionate to other similar countries
Discovery Health Medical Scheme data suggest that SA’s private healthcare system spends disproportionately more on medicines, relative to total healthcare expenditure, than in the top ten comparative countries featured in a health systems performance study by the monitor group.
While the use of generics in hospitals had improved, there was ‘room for more’, Broomberg said. Further illustrating Broomberg’s concern about the high price point at which generics were being used, Rasool said that the average price difference (brand to generic) in the lowest price band was 60%. The same difference when comparing the mid-range price band was 45%, while the top-priced comparison revealed a 39% difference. During open discussion, Paul Anley, CEO of Pharma Dynamics, one of SA’s foremost distributors of generic drugs, said that the reason for the large percentage price gap between brand name and generic drugs in the lowest price range was because they were not being actively marketed. ‘You have to be careful of just putting emphasis on price – because if you don’t tell anybody, you don’t get the switch!’ he warned.
Anley also said inefficiencies in SA legislation meant that
patent ‘evergreening’ on original drugs (taking out multiple
patents expiring at later and later dates to protect
monopolies) worked to the great advantage of many drug
companies. ‘They’re often challenged in foreign courts where
the patents are quickly set aside. In SA, delays in a hearing
for a revocation of a patent can take up to four years. We
also don’t have dedicated patent judges and a skills base.’
Very often valid patents ‘on the books’ in SA had long been
overturned in most other countries where generics then traded
more freely. Anley said his calculations were that if one took
the entire (private) branded drug market of R28 billion in SA
and divided it by the number of packs sold, you got an average
branded price of R219. A similar calculation in the generic
market disclosed a figure of R73 – a differential of R146, or
72% across the board. ‘That is the impact that generics are
making in pharma,’ he said. Interviewed during a break, Anley
said the total pharmaceutical market in SA stood at about R34
billion (R28 private sector and R5.5 billion state). He
emphasised that when more expensive generics entered and
gained traction in the market, sales volumes soon reached
three times what the original brand was two or three years
earlier. Anley cautioned against driving generic prices ‘down
to the point where nobody uses them’, and said there was an
inbuilt ‘catch 22’: low prices often meant that generic drug
companies avoided spending money marketing these products –
‘that’s why they don’t move, not just because of price’.
Rasool said Discovery Health’s data confirmed the initial
market traction of generics. ‘But what we’re saying is that
when people choose generics, it seems the most expensive ones
are being used rather than the less expensive ones. This
raises questions about the incentives being used to promote
these more expensive generics,’ he said.
Support smaller drug companies selling at more competitive prices – MediClinic
Anelia Bezuidenhout of MediClinic said that last year her hospital group put all their pharmaceutical products into groups with prior rankings in price bands before approaching their individual hospitals and requesting them to ‘move to number one the better-priced products’. ‘In the beginning there were many stock-outs on the smaller drug companies, but slowly they increased their supplies and expanded their services to help us reach our goal. Yes, it’s true that your smaller company doesn’t deliver the required service, but over time they will!’ she stressed.
In his opening address Broomberg said that with medical
inflation running at 10.3% in SA (three percentage points
above the general consumer price index), 6% was a result of
changes in the price of goods and services – but the other
4.3% was due to more goods and services being consumed every
year by the average medical scheme member. Discovery Health
Medical Scheme currently spends R5 billion on
‘out-of-hospital’ medications (R1.3 billion on ‘in-hospital’
medications) with 15% of all claims in medicine, while 486 000
of the scheme’s 2.7 million members are registered for one or
more chronic conditions.
chrisb@hmpg.co.za
S Afr Med J 2014;104(9):598-600.
DOI:10.7196/SAMJ.8750
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